ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The angle and depth from the insertion point to the brachial plexus (BP) and C6-7 intervertebral foramen (IF) was examined to prevent critical complications of an interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB), such as an epidural or subdural injection of local anesthetics and spinal cord injury. METHODS: Thirty patients (female = 12, male = 18), aged 20-64 years, undergoing shoulder or upper limb surgery were examined. ISBPB was performed at the interscalene groove intersecting the extended transverse line from the cricoid cartilage. A needle was then advanced towards the C6 transverse process (TP) and C6-7 IF under the C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. The depth and angle of the needle path intersecting the sagittal plane from the skin insertion point to BP, transverse process (TP) and IF were measured. RESULTS: The mean depth of the needle from the insertion point to BP, TP and IF were 2.6 +/- 0.3 cm, 3.2 +/- 0.4 cm, 3.7 +/- 0.3 cm in the female patients, and 2.7 +/- 0.3 cm, 3.6 +/- 0.5 cm, 4.1 +/- 0.3 cm in the male patients. The mean angle of the needle path at the same point was 56.0 +/- 7.2o (range, 42.0-65.0degrees), 54.2 +/- 5.8degrees, 53.7 +/- 4.4degrees in the female patients, and 59.3 +/-8.3degrees (45.0-75.0degrees), 54.0 +/- 6.3degrees, 54.9 +/- 4.2degrees in male patients. There were significant differences in the depth from the skin to the TP and IF between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are expected to provide a guideline for more accurate needle placement and successful block during ISBPB.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Anesthetics, Local , Brachial Plexus , Cricoid Cartilage , Epidural Space , Needles , Shoulder , Skin , Spinal Cord , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The angle and depth from the insertion point to the brachial plexus (BP) and C6-7 intervertebral foramen (IF) was examined to prevent critical complications of an interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB), such as an epidural or subdural injection of local anesthetics and spinal cord injury. METHODS: Thirty patients (female = 12, male = 18), aged 20-64 years, undergoing shoulder or upper limb surgery were examined. ISBPB was performed at the interscalene groove intersecting the extended transverse line from the cricoid cartilage. A needle was then advanced towards the C6 transverse process (TP) and C6-7 IF under the C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. The depth and angle of the needle path intersecting the sagittal plane from the skin insertion point to BP, transverse process (TP) and IF were measured. RESULTS: The mean depth of the needle from the insertion point to BP, TP and IF were 2.6 +/- 0.3 cm, 3.2 +/- 0.4 cm, 3.7 +/- 0.3 cm in the female patients, and 2.7 +/- 0.3 cm, 3.6 +/- 0.5 cm, 4.1 +/- 0.3 cm in the male patients. The mean angle of the needle path at the same point was 56.0 +/- 7.2o (range, 42.0-65.0degrees), 54.2 +/- 5.8degrees, 53.7 +/- 4.4degrees in the female patients, and 59.3 +/-8.3degrees (45.0-75.0degrees), 54.0 +/- 6.3degrees, 54.9 +/- 4.2degrees in male patients. There were significant differences in the depth from the skin to the TP and IF between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are expected to provide a guideline for more accurate needle placement and successful block during ISBPB.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Anesthetics, Local , Brachial Plexus , Cricoid Cartilage , Epidural Space , Needles , Shoulder , Skin , Spinal Cord , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are well-known, useful techniques for the treatment of painful vertebral compression fractures. Although the risk associated with these procedures is low, serious complications can occur. Of these complications, infection is even rarer, however, when it does occur, it is difficult to manage and can become life-threatening. We describe here a case of infectious spondylitis with epidural inflammation that occurred after performing kyphoplasty in a patient who had a thoracic vertebra compression fracture. We reviewed other case and literatures. Extreme asepsis of the operating theater, screening and treatment for systemic infection prior to the procedure, as well as the use of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis are strongly recommended when conducting kyphoplasty to prevent infection.